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Sepsis: A Silent Killer

January 20, 2025

Sepsis: A Silent Killer - featured image

Sepsis is a medical emergency, yet so many of us remain unaware of its dangers. The tragic passing of South African television icon Derek Watts in August 2023 from sepsis, along with global figures like Muhammad Ali, Larry King, and Christopher Reeve, highlights the deadly impact of this condition. However, despite affecting millions, the general public knows very little about what sepsis truly is and how it affects the human body.

Dr. Moodley, raising awareness on the life-threatening nature of sepsis, explains how early recognition and treatment are vital to prevent it from spiraling into septic shock, which can be fatal.

What is sepsis?

Sepsis occurs when the body responds to an infection with an overactive immune response, causing widespread inflammation that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, or even death. When an infection enters the bloodstream, the body’s immune system sometimes goes into overdrive, attacking not just the infection but also healthy tissues.

In 2017 alone, sepsis affected approximately 48.9 million people worldwide and claimed the lives of 11 million people—representing nearly 20% of all deaths globally. This makes it one of the leading causes of mortality, yet it often goes unnoticed until it’s too late.

Causes of sepsis

Sepsis can result from a variety of infections, whether bacterial, fungal, or viral. While it can develop from infections acquired in hospitals, such as from surgical wounds or catheter sites, sepsis can also stem from infections picked up in everyday life. Common infections leading to sepsis include:

– Respiratory infections like pneumonia

– Urinary tract or kidney infections

– Gastrointestinal infections

– Meningitis (central nervous system infections)

– Skin infections, especially from wounds or burns

Pneumonia is the leading cause of sepsis globally, primarily caused by bacterial infections. It’s critical that infections are treated promptly to prevent them from escalating into sepsis.

Who is at risk?

Sepsis can affect anyone, but certain groups are at higher risk. Babies under one month and older adults over 65 are more susceptible. Additionally, individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV, those undergoing chemotherapy, or patients with chronic illnesses like diabetes or kidney disease, are particularly vulnerable.

People who spend prolonged periods in hospital settings, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), are also at greater risk due to the increased likelihood of hospital-acquired infections. Medical devices such as catheters, intravenous lines, and prolonged antibiotic use also increase the risk of sepsis.

Symptoms to watch for

Sepsis can be challenging to diagnose as its symptoms are often vague. However, there are common signs to be aware of, including:

– Fever

– Elevated heart rate (tachycardia)

– Rapid breathing (tachypnea)

– Confusion or altered mental state

– Lethargy, especially in children

When sepsis progresses to septic shock, symptoms become more severe. Low blood pressure (hypotension), fluid loss (hypovolaemia), and organ failure can occur, making immediate treatment crucial. In severe cases, patients may experience extreme confusion or even lose consciousness.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosing sepsis requires a combination of clinical evaluations, lab tests, and imaging studies. Blood tests can detect infections, while x-rays, ultrasounds, and CT or MRI scans can help identify the source of the infection. Early diagnosis is essential in stopping the progression to septic shock.

Once diagnosed, prompt and aggressive treatment is key to improving survival rates. Sepsis management often includes administering intravenous fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible, preferably within the first three hours. In severe cases, patients may require mechanical ventilation or ICU admission for closer monitoring and support.

Preventing sepsis

Preventing sepsis begins with controlling infections before they escalate. In the community, staying up to date with vaccinations, practising good hand hygiene, and managing chronic conditions can significantly reduce the risk of infection. Safe water and sanitation also play a vital role in preventing infection, particularly in vulnerable populations.

In healthcare settings, strict infection control protocols, such as sterilising equipment and maintaining proper hygiene practices, can reduce infections by up to 50%. Healthcare workers must remain vigilant for early signs of sepsis, and immediate antibiotic treatment should be initiated when sepsis is suspected.

Sepsis can be deadly, but with early intervention and proper management, lives can be saved. The key is awareness. Recognising the signs and symptoms and seeking immediate medical attention can mean the difference between life and death.

Dr. Moodley reminds us that whether in hospitals or at home, we all have a role to play in preventing infections and raising awareness about sepsis. If you or a loved one experiences signs of infection, do not delay in seeking medical help. The earlier sepsis is caught, the greater the chances of recovery.

Dr Jay Moodley

Dr Jay Moodley

Nephrologist
Busamed Gateway Private Hospital

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